Wednesday, 26 February 2014

15 Reasons To Be Happy It's This Wednesday

Morning y'all. Everybody loves a list, so here we go!

  1. Here's an obvious one: it's the middle of the week. Friday is near!
  2. Wednesday is a perfect night to go out and break up the week.
  3. It's Hump Day: go forth and hump ...
  4. Everyone is more cheerful on a Wednesday.
  5. We have this Monday off, so it's a 3 day weekend.
  6. Carnival this weekend in Limassol, so get ready!
  7. We need the extra two days for our costumes.
  8. Most people have a half day on a Wednesday (jammy!)
  9. You can officially start planning this weekend.
  10. Nearly the end of the month, nearly pay day.
  11. For some, pay day is today (jammy again!)
  12. I get to get out of town this weekend for a birthday/carnival celebration.
  13. A friend arrives back in town, so my life is imminently guaranteed a laugh a minute.
  14. The weather forecast is 19 degrees for today. Jackets not wanted or needed.
  15. Olympiakos won against Man U last night. The Sun's headline is just the best!!! Yeah Brits, "beware of Greeks burying gifts," reports the Telegraph (not my words).
 
 
  And that's it! Wednesday ... bring it on!
 
In love and light,
Lucy xxx

Tuesday, 25 February 2014

All Over A Bloody Song: An Exercise of Setting Boundaries In The Workplace

Hippie Corp was doing my head in last week. We have been set a challenge at our next 'annual general work-play group festival' that includes all the offices. Our main task this year is to sing something - anything, the choice is ours - in the form of a choir.

My company loves setting challenges. I usually view them as a form of torture. I have been in a play, I have punted down the Oxford river, I have performed in gladiator competitions, I have done circus tricks, golf, beach volleyball, written poems, you name it, I have done it. Every year I roll my eyes and recite, "OMG. Torture. Torture. Really?" when the annual email pops through.

Once the moment comes though, I must admit, I thoroughly enjoy them. This year, I chose to view the challenge as a form of spiritual growth. I don't think our CEO ever realizes what he puts his employees through, but he assured me one year: "Lucy, trust in the process. Keep the faith." He has been right, so far.

I love singing. I have a terrible voice. This is rather ironic as I have a melodious speaking voice, apart from when I get hyped up: then I sound a bit squeaky and shrill (not nice!)

My first attempt at karaoke, a few months ago, will be forever embedded in my mind when my friends looked at me in utter shock from across the bar as I trilled through "Barbie Girl" like a strangled cat. I was truthfully: Very Very Bad. Their expressions were exactly like the picture below.



But I cheerfully reasoned with myself: you gotta start somewhere! And, quite frankly, I was starting to get pissed off with my pathetically weak voice. For some reason, I woke up one day and decided that absolutely everyone CAN sing. If we can talk, then we can all sing. I figured that I must have an emotional block that simply prevents me from singing, it's all in my head, and deep down, I really can sing beautifully.

However, removing this emotional block, I soon found out is rather tricky: first you have to learn how to sing, especially when you've avoided singing for decades. The path was trial, error and the dispension of earplugs while I went about this new business of overcoming emotional singing blocks.

In the interim, friends have gleefully taken the piss. One threatened to shoot himself next time I sang. Another even embellished a story during coffee with the girls, to get in on the "Let's Make Fun of Lucy" action, regaling to the crowd that when a chap walked in while I was mid-tune(less) he gave me a filthy look and she helpfully gave him a filthy look back. From her angle, it might have been a filthy look. From my angle, the guy came up and flirted with me while I was belting out 'Honey Honey'. Whether it was to help me out with singing ... because I was so awful ... well, let's focus on the positive: he was flirting! (That's always a good sign).

Yet another friend remarked that there was no hope to me ever improving but nothing could top my passion, it was A+ for passion and enthusiasm, just not the singing.

Another reminded me of the death looks I got one night from a woman sitting in front of me one evening, but I am quite sure that was because she was dying to sing with the MC who had been ignoring her all night and instead was trying his best to make me sound better by singing with me.

(Erm...he didn't make me sound better. I simply managed to make him sound vile, as he was trying to harmonize with my strangled-cat-non-dulcet tones). Mind you, that was probably the reason why the woman was giving me evil looks. The MC did sound better with her ... so perhaps my friend was right in this case ...

Said MC, who sings like an angel, casually explained to a group of people one evening that the point of karaoke was to get up there and do something that no one else is doing and with a slip of the tongue to emphasize his point said: "Even Lucy gets up and sings." Pfff. Cheers for that.

Yes. So we have established that I have wonderfully supportive friends. I love them. I really, really do. But I also really, really want to throw a drink in their faces and storm off Alexis Carrington style when they all harp on about my dreadful singing as I don't see any of them rocking up to the front with a mic. The unfortunate thing is because I've agreed with them that I'm terrible, they all get on the bandwagon and thoroughly enjoy the ribbing. I can't blame them now. I just have to take it on the chin and plod on.

But despite it all, in a remarkably short space of time, I have improved. I went from 'diabolical' to 'eh' and now I am in the never been before territory of 'OK'. This is awesome!

Progress of any sort can be likened to climbing over the rainbow to find the proverbial pot of gold (i.e., your dream). It's not easy, there's the uphill climb first (and to be good at anything you need to apply at least 10,000 hours on it, so they say. Personally I don't believe that: youtube, mate, youtube). Then there's the 'camel hump' (the pinnacle curve of the rainbow) where you're 'kinda ok' and things get better, then the slide downhill, which is the smooth sailing bit when everything comes together.



Interestingly though, since I've quit the dastardly diet coke, my voice has improved. Hmmm ... perhaps because the dreadful stuff isn't poking holes in my intestines? There is that dictum about 'singing with your stomach'. This might be more than an emotional block, you know. My leaky gut needs to seal the cracks first and then magnificence will radiate through my golden pipes. (Allow me to merrily daydream for a wee moment please ... OK, I'm done).

In any case, back to Hippie Corp. There has been a flurry of emails surrounding the choice of songs. We have our own group email address, aptly named "Nicosia-Choir". The Choir Master is a controlling sort of fellow, albeit with a terrific sense of humour. He was quite enamored by one suggestion of Mozart's Requiem as "Kyri Eleison" morphing into Britney's "Hit Me Baby One More Time,' signing off his email with "Mozart and Britney together? I always knew those two would have hit it off."

As is the case, whenever any decisions are made in a group setting, on email, people will revert to being babies. It's the inevitable pattern of throwing up roadblocks, not making a commitment, arguing over insignificant details and stymying the process because no one wants to make a choice, especially when most have been railroaded into taking part. We've all been guilty of it and I inadvertently started off this second round of voting by remarking that perhaps the first choice of song wasn't the best. It was unintentional and I truly wish I hadn't.

The Choir Master, as I said, has a need to control and the roadblocks rev up his need to explain every detail, every process and this then sends him into what I call 'panicked-control-mode', where he can't see the wood for the trees and completely forgets about the big picture. To give him credit, though, he is doing something that no one else volunteered to do by taking on the role of Choir Master.

We have since been lectured on the 10 different voting methods for single-method voting. We have been informed that we are going with the Schultze method. As one colleague put it: "Who gives a crap about the Schultze, Condorcet, Heimlich or Freimlich method? As if we are voting for the US Presidential elections ffs."

Feelings have been hurt via the written word zooming electronically back and forth between everyone. There's been sarcasm. There's been temper tantrums. There's been tears. When I casually joked around to make another colleague feel better, I got sworn at and a bathroom door slammed in my face. Cor! Over a bloody song? Initially that didn't bother me, but then everything combined bothered me, once the flurry of emails reached a crescendo.

My boiling point was reached when the colleague across from me, who took pleasure in being the self-named 'Email Troll', sent an email with a mathematical hypothesis that I couldn't make head or tail of, which annoyed me even further since I am, admittedly, an intellectual snob. I erupted in a John-Cleese-like explosion and sent a scathing reply in the form of: "I have sat, read and listened to a bunch of self-righteous individuals pontificating on every ruddy, little, insignificant point ... all over a bloody song."

Gosh. I obviously need some sex. I repeat: this was over song choices. But to be fair, this was a discussion that had gone on for weeks, complete with algorithms, detailed voting methods and we were still no closer to making a decision, so it would've tried anyone's patience.

I admonished that there was zero team spirit and zero enthusiasm (except for criticism and showing off each other's remarkable intellect in proving themselves right). "No wonder we never win these challenges. We have no clue how to loosen up and have fun." I sternly reminded them that we were lucky to travel and should be more bloody grateful for these opportunities.

It was pretty amusing once the email came through. My colleagues sat in utter shock, apart from laughter from one, and a groan from the Email Troll, who realized I had just made life very difficult for him and his trolling desires. I honestly thought I was going to be in for a massive bollocking from the higher-ups but instead I got some significant thank yous.

This got me thinking: we do put up with an awful lot. The problem is with work stuff, everyone has to maintain a certain level of respectful decorum. There is the fear of being fired if one is too honest. This creates an imbalance, it restricts your natural personality and it creates a fear culture because you are never being true to yourself. Companies are strange places. Same with friends, though: it's natural to take some stuff in your stride even if it bothers you deep down. There is the fear of being ridiculed further for complaining or causing a drama. I am the sort that does anything for a quiet life and will let a lot of things slide.

The problem is when you keep shutting up about it, then you either descend into passive-aggressiveness or you explode. Thankfully my work explosion did no harm, and the good it did was to set the boundaries of what is acceptable behavior and what isn't. Since then, there have been no problems.

Passive-aggressiveness rears its head a lot in the workplace. People become very afraid to speak up when something is wrong. I noticed this years ago when I was given a completely unreasonable deadline last minute. I was advised to complain to HR but I thought better of it and spoke to the individuals directly. I figured if the same situation happened with one of my friends, I would speak to them about it. I wouldn't get a third party to step in. In fact, that approach worked wonderfully and it had a pleasant effect for the rest of the team: unreasonable deadlines dwindled, after that.

While companies have the power to put pressure on, set challenges and generally inflict some form of torture on us, on a daily basis: there is a limit. The limit is closer than you think. It's like dealing with playground bullies. They get scared easily when people stand up to them. Half the fun is in the jostling people along and pinpointing their weak spots. Turn it around, respect yourself, be strong and set realistic boundaries of what is acceptable and what isn't and the bullies soon slink away in shame. It's just how it works.

I am not advising anyone to act like an ogre at the first whiff of a red flag encroaching on their personal boundaries. But there are a few reasons why most people I talk to are unhappy with their jobs: people not always doing what they really want to do and most likely, they are putting up with far more than they should.

This is our own doing and if we move past our fears a little bit and start speaking up, it's surprising how much you will get listened to. If, in the event you don't, and people object to any sort of boundary setting, then these are the very people with whom you need to practice setting boundaries with. It really is that simple.

Oh and don't let anyone dull your sparkle, ever! Even if your singing sucks ;-)



In love and light,
Lucy xxx





 

Thursday, 20 February 2014

When The Universe Conspires To Make Magic ... And You Don't Listen

Paulo Coelho - 'And, when you want something, all the universe conspires in helping you to achieve it.'

That is such a comforting sentence.

The problem is, sometimes, you don't often realize when the universe is helping you out. The signs get ignored. In fact, sometimes it's ridiculously easy to ignore the signs. I am the sort who needs flashing billboard signs to sway me out of any decision I resolutely undertake. 
 
If I can't physically do something, any friend who knows me well enough, will vouch that my sheer determination will propel me to achieve it. With that depth of willpower in me, I need something dramatic to veer me off my designated, internal, GPS-determined course.
 
One ex used to comment in wonder, "I love how when I think something is impossible, you go and pull your magic and make it happen. It's crazy. How do you do it?" 
 
"Oh didn't you know?" I used to airily retort with a saucy wink, "Hi. My name is Lucy and I am somewhat, magical."

But sometimes my magic can take a detour to NoSpellVille because I overlook the obvious.

Tuesday, 18 February 2014

2 Mathematical Musings on Love

I stumbled across this fabulous article in the New York Times, years ago. "Loves Me, Loves Me Not (Do The Math)" by Steven Strogatz. A colleague reminded me recently that I wrote something about it, which got me searching for it. She’s requested posts on relationships, so I’m drumming up a rewrite of this topic to start me off.

The article in question explains how the author applied Sir Isaac Newton's 2-body differential equations to his girlfriend's puzzling behaviour one summer. It's worth a read. I’ve always like the idea of using maths to identify patterns in human behaviour and these sorts of equations are the most powerful tools ever invented for mankind to make sense of the material world.

We all have a certain set of behaviours that mirror at best, or clash at worst, with another person’s set of behaviours. When you break your own pattern somewhat then you change the whole dynamics of the relationship, but the trick is to continue breaking the pattern, or more sensibly perhaps call the whole thing off, if it involves acting like a human oscillator in tandem with the other person’s unpredictable moods swings, that are only predictable in their frequency.

It’s a no-brainer really when it comes to dissecting problems, such as the above, in a relationship; yet it is one that can cause much havoc with at least one of the parties on the receiving end of such mood swings ('s/he loves, s/he loves me not' in other words). However, the application of differential equations to predict patterns of behaviour over time, making the assumption that at the start of the relationship that the lovers in question were at the same level of desire, is rather intriguing to me.

In years gone by, I’ve spent many an hour discussing the schematics of this very problem to friends and vice versa.  One chap decided he broke the pattern when he started setting boundaries, after watching Cesar Millan, the dog-trainer. While he likened the process to dog training, what he was really doing was training his own reactions to her actions, thereby changing his own predictable patterns of behaviour. Unfortunately in life you can’t change anyone: only yourself and your reaction to them.

To add gravitas to his theory, Strogatz uses Romeo and Juliet, with Juliet being the more emotionally unavailable. The more Romeo adores her, the more she detests him. Sound familiar? When he gets it through his head that absence makes the heart grow fonder, she begins to find him weirdly attractive. His behaviour then starts mimicking hers once he grasps the pattern: he warms up when she’s fond of him and he dutifully withdraws when she hates him. The equations below highlight the inverse behaviours of the two (note the negative sign for Juliet towards Romeo).



This must be sounding really familiar now to some.

In fact, the equation can be tweaked to accommodate the personality type of Romeo: is it linear? Does his love increase dramatically like an over-eager puppy when Juliet is hot for him? Or is it non-linear meaning he’s the sort who worries about losing himself completely and tries to slow his feelings down when she’s hot for him? How cool is that?! (The equation tweaking bit I mean).

The forecast of their relationship is easily predicted though:  a never-ending cycle of highs and lows, peaks and troughs, love and hate, and they were only ever in-sync about a quarter of the time.  What a pain in the arse.

‘The course of true love never did run smooth’ was Shakespeare’s reasoning in MidSummer Night's Dream (words uttered by Lysander to Hermia). I’m inclined to believe now that old Shakespey was into the alluring tangoesque dynamics of emotionally unavailable relationships. No wonder there featured an above-average amount of highly strung women in them. The women in his life were driving him nuts. Actually to be fair, all his main protagonists were a bit nutty. But then again, those are the most interesting types.

If we could apply mathematical equations to the dynamics of relationships, predict the pattern and resulting outcome it would really save a lot of hassle. I should start a business based on this. The laws of physics can be applied to many things and we haven’t solved half the differential equations out there.

However, I must add that every relationship – good or bad - is an opportunity for growth of the Self so this would render our growing opportunities moot, should this idea ever become realized.

(I will not start a business on this...deep sigh...I will not be the one to break anyone’s opportunity for growth by creating an easy shortcut. It’s far too ‘Along Came Polly’. People will just confuse themselves with the mathematics of it all instead of taking the risk).

The last part of the article was the bit that still makes me laugh in recognition of the awful truth it holds. The author’s equations broke down at the end of that summer and he was even more mystified by her behaviour. He’d missed an important variable: her ex wanted her back.

This particular set of circumstances has the makings of a 3-body problem, not a mere 2-body one. The 3-body problem was one that made Sir Isaac Newton’s head and heart hurt, toss with insomnia at nights, until he couldn’t think about it anymore. A 3-body problem is dysfunctional, unpredictable and contains the seeds of chaos.

As we all know when it comes to people: 3 is a crowd for the viability of any long-term relationship. Chaos will ensue upon its discovery.

Monday, 17 February 2014

21 Reasons To Love A Monday

Mondays. Ugh. Who likes them? Here's a list of positive reasons to embrace a Monday. You're welcome ;-)

Saturday, 15 February 2014

The Dope on Laughter, Happiness and Love

I am huge Robert Holden fan (yes, he's on Facebook, who isn't?) Admittedly, I've only read one of his latest books, 'Loveability'- several times - and I am currently on an earlier book of his called, 'Be Happy'. He's an owner of a PhD, which is always reassuring to me when traipsing through a novel, especially in this sort of genre. PhD writers are a breed of their own. They tackle vastly broad and complicated subjects with a delightful, engaging simplicity that is never patronizing to the reader. You embark on a remarkable journey with such authors that both thrills you and teaches you.
 
Happiness and love have a lot in common. Where there is happiness, there is love, and vice versa. Dr. Holden always clarifies definitions to his reader. What is happiness? What is love? Simple questions, but when you start to ponder on their definitions, things can get a little complicated.
 
Let me not delve into anything too deep nor too broad. True happiness is joy: it exists because it is everywhere, there's no reason needed for joy, and upon discovery it unleashes creativity. It is carefree and untroubled. Joy's twin is: love.
 

Friday, 14 February 2014

You Might Wanna Sit Down For This ... Or Not

Blimey. I am truly jammy sometimes.

The other day we were called into a meeting about sick leave. The place where I work - a type of publishing company - which I shall affectionately dub as 'Hippie Corp' for the purposes of confidentiality - has had a rather lax view (on the surface) of people taking sick days for many years now. This is now changing and we are joining the rest of the corporate companies with a strict new policy: 5 days sick leave per year. 'Hippie Corp' is becoming more 'Corp Corp'.

The reason why I say I am so jammy is because I was feeling so dire before: now, thanks to a lack of poisonous artificial sweeteners, I feel soooooo much better! (Visualize a tampax ad here with a girl in a white bikini doing cartwheels along the beach).

While, I have rarely taken sick leave in the 10 years I’ve been working at Hippie Corp, chances are, had I continued in the same vein, the news of the 5 days sick leave wouldn’t have filled me with quite so amusement.

However, that’s just the thing. There's often more to the problem than calling in sick. While, companies view any form of absence as a problem - translating into lost productivity, overworked staff covering for others and expense - it is not always a clear-cut case of people slacking. Sure, a lot of employees will abuse the leeway if they are given it. It's part of human nature. That's the reason people will always trot out. But is it, really the whole story?

Wednesday, 12 February 2014

The Games People Play

I do something - I fear - some folks might view as a bit strange. I regularly go to watch my guy friends play futsal. Not only that: I film them, then duly upload all the videos onto youtube.
 
 
It began as these things always start out: girl likes boy, girl goes to watch boy play (much to boy in question's abject horror). Then I quickly realized I really enjoyed it - sod the boy, I'm having a good time with my mates - I kept going!

A guy friend quizzed me about 6 months ago on why I go. He loves football as much as the next bloke, and regularly plays futsal himself, but he was puzzled as to why I went, and even asked, "What do you get out of it?"

I explained simply: "I like it. I see my guy friends. They don't go out much anymore, so I get to hang out with them, and have a laugh. I get some fresh air and it's really fun. I love the atmosphere!"


"I can understand that,' he relented, nodding his head in full recognition of what I had just described.
 
 
That's what got me thinking on a vital difference between men and women. Men play a lot more than women (I don't mean the silly 'don't hate the player, hate the game' sort of thing). I mean they have their allocated, valiantly-guarded set time where they gather together and kick a ball/throw a Frisbee/shoot hoops, hurl good-natured insults at each other, or not depending, have a bit of rough and tumble, release stress, get out, connect with each other better, be goofy, and the more they play, literally, the more they get out of it.

Monday, 10 February 2014

Pill Popping: Risky Business or Responsible Behaviour?

Lately, amongst my friends, there's been a lot of chatter about the pill – the contraceptive pill. I abhor the pill. I always felt it was rather silly to pump yourself full of fake hormones, when your own ones work perfectly well; and as for unwanted pregnancies, well you just don't take unnecessary risks, but I am blessed in having a clockwork cycle, being rather neurotic, good with numbers and having an astounding memory. I never take chances.

One early evening at C House (a lounge bar) a few months ago, the subject came up and I launched it in a long diatribe about the dangers of the pill. One of the girls suggested that I should give a talk about it, as she certainly didn't know about the risks, and she was pretty sure not many did.

Sitting, listening, silently and patiently, while I gave a biology lesson that you would never have been given at school, was one of guy friends. Bless him. He didn't complain. He even seemed interested. Bless his white cotton socks again. It transpires he must've retained the information to heart because a few months later he quizzed his new girlfriend to see if she was on the pill (she isn't) and warned her off it. He's a keeper, right there, ladies. Concerned about a woman's well-being and not his own personal convenience that the pill brings.

I know because yesterday evening, funnily enough, again at C House, I was with the said girlfriend, and the subject appeared. It's obviously a sign that I was meant to mouth off about it in a blog post, because another girl on the table was taking it for her polycystic ovaries. I almost launched into another diatribe but then I thought better of it and promised everyone they would get to read about it instead.

Sunday, 9 February 2014

Springing A Few Leaks, Are We?

Following on from my diet coke post, found here, I mentioned that artificial sweeteners can upset the delicate balance of gut flora, damage the intestinal villi and lead to leaky gut.
 
Other stuff can do this too: grains (wheat, corn, barley, rye, oats), dairy, soy, MSG. For the grains, the hard-to-digest protein is gluten which is the culprit. Corn, barley, rye and oats are gluten-free, but unfortunately they are grown in fields next to wheat, or transported along with wheat, or processed in factories that handle wheat-based products, so they get cross-contaminated. Corn, in particular, given the GMO practices, can't even reproduce on its own anymore and kills other plants. So I'd stay away from the corn. That's a bit too sci-fi for my liking. In dairy, the hard-to-digest protein is casein.
 
Casein problems are similar to those caused by gluten for sensitive individuals: it triggers an autoimmune response. (Meaning the body goes into 'attack' mode and if the damage is great enough will begin to attack itself). Casein and gluten can mimic natural endorphins causing changes in perception, mood and behaviour. How this occurs is down to a glitch in digestive enzymes. What happens next is that remaining undigested fragments of casein (and gluten/gliadin) protein survive and our immune system view these as intruders or a virus. Our bodies will trigger the autoimmune response calling all its troops to attack the invaders. Unfortunately, 20% of our metabolism (thyroid hormones) are found in the gut. The structure of the inactive T4 thyroid hormones, which are waiting patiently to be converted into the active T3 hormones, have a similar molecular structure to casein and gliadin proteins. When attack mode is instigated, it is in the form of 'all-or-nothing'. So 20% of your metabolism is wiped out too. No one wants that!
 

Killing Me Softly ... With Artificial Sweeteners

They say you're supposed to remember the exact day you broke a bad habit. Well, I don't. I remember my last diet coke was on a Monday. The next day, I was off the poison for good. Could've been 3 weeks ago or coming up to 4.

You were expecting me to say something more outrageous, weren't you? A shopping addiction, perhaps? A proclivity for binge eating?  Or at the very least, cigarettes?

Chuckle, chuckle ... I'm sorry to disappoint and divulge dropping something so innocuous, but since I imbibed my very last caramel coloured, favourite 330ml drink of tinkling fizz, a number of issues have cleared up that has led me to believe that aspartame, or any form of artificial sweetener, is more dangerous than cigarettes. Small disclaimer here, in case this blog ever gets found by the Legal Eagles of the soda companies: the following information is based on my personal experiences only and only my opinions.

What, what, you say. A number of issues have cleared up? From a shiny can of diet soda? The stuff that can fill you up, quench your thirst and is a fave alcohol mixer to boot? It's friendly, versatile and even cleans toilets! All that at practically zero calories ... oh wait up ... even that bit of marketing is a lie. Drinks can marketed as 'less than 1 calorie' if in fact they are 4 calories or less.

We all know that sodas are bad. Everyone's pretty clued up that even the diet stuff is not the best stuff to chug down our golden pipes on a regular basis. Will one soda a day kill you? Probably not. But as with all habitual use of something artificial, the effects are cumulative over the years, and the damage is done so slowly that it can easily be passed off as the aging process.

In my little experiment so far (I will never touch the stuff again) I've come to realize that humans are not supposed to put things down to aging and feel as crap as we do these days. It is perfectly possible to feel young, healthy and vital into the 80s and beyond. There's plenty of people out there to attest to it, but they are in the minority. It literally depends on your diet. As the often-quoted Hippocrates said, 'Let food be thy medicine and medicine be thy food.' I believe him. He had better food in those days too - real food. It really was medicine. Gotta love the Greeks - I swear they introduced the concept of common sense into the world. It wasn't there before and quite possibly, it hasn't been around much since.